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Covers the development of science within a regional, topical, social or political context. Many scientific discoveries were influenced or hindered by the political and cultural climate of the times.

Agriculture@	Archaeology@
Astronomy@	Biology@
Chemistry@	Math@
Paleontology@	Physics@
Medical and Scientific	Science
Science	Economic History
Engineering and Technology	Geology
Historians of Science	Institutions
Journals	Medicine
People	Psychology
Organizations	Nobel Foundation
History of Philosophy	NewsGroup (Usenet)

• 'Lost Discoveries': The Non-Western Roots of Science New York Times review of book by Dick Teresi on the contributions of Babylonians, Egyptians, Arabs, Indians, Chinese, Polynesians and Mesoamericans to the growth and development of the sciences. [Requires free registration.]
• 19th Century Scientific American Though very different from todays Scientific American Magazine, the articles of the 19th Century Scientific American is a nice read for students of this period.
• 4000 Years of Women in Science Women's contributions to Science, from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century.
• 4000 Years of Women in Science Women's contributions to science, from antiquity to the nineteenth century.
• 4000 Years of Women in Science History of women in science from antiquity to the nineteenth century. Includes biographies, photographs, and references.
• A Science and Technology Odyssey A Timeline of the History of Science and Technology from 20,000 BC to 1800.
• A History of Evolutionary Thought Biographies of paleontology and evolutionary thinkers from the UCMP.
• A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom Complete text of the 1896 classic by Andrew Dickson White.
• A Science Odyssey Presents the people and the discoveries of 20th century science and technology in a variety of accessible, and interactive Web features. Based on the PBS television series.
• A Science Odyssey Presents the people and the discoveries of 20th century science and technology in a variety of accessible, and interactive Web features. Based on the PBS television series.
• About Daylight Saving Time History from Benjamin Franklin to the present. U.S. law and practice. Worldwide time change dates.
• Alchemy Web and Virtual Library Comprehensive library of imagery, symbols, music, alchemical texts and commentary. Includes course material in practical alchemy, bibliography, and modern day resources.
• Alchemy Web and Virtual Library Comprehensive library of imagery, symbols, music, alchemical texts and commentary. Not historical in ntent, but contains many useful historical sources.
• Ancient Greece: Science and Technology Discusses early inventions, such as calculating devices, machines using gears, steam engines, war technology, and town planning. Some mathematicians included are Thales, Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, and Appolonius. Some topical concepts covered are astronomical discoveries, prime numbers, evolution of the species, and measuring the circumference of the earth.
• Ancient Greek Science Learn about the scientists of Ancient Greece, what they have contributed to science, and information about their background.
• Anyone Vague Science Essays Twentieth century scientists write about their discoveries and about the value of science.
• Archive for history of science of the Natural History Museum, Vienna Information about the Archive's collections of Letters (e.g. Goethe, Humboldt) and drawings (e.g Ferdinand Lucas Bauer).
• Birr Castle Demesne The official site supplies photographs and chronology of the castle, home to Lord and Lady Rosse, which is not open to the public. The early 17th-century castle was built around a medieval gate-house.
• Birr Castle Demesne A science museum in Ireland devoted to the astronomical, engineering botantical and photographical work of the Parsons family.
• Bright Sparcs A biographical, bibliographical and archival database of more than 3,000 Australian scientists with links to related articles and images.
• Calendars through the Ages History and FAQs of calendars, from ancient Rome to outer space. Including Julian, Gregorian, Jewish, Islamic, Chinese, and Mayan.
• Calendars Through the Ages History and FAQs of various calendars, including Julian, Gregorian, Jewish, Islamic, Chinese, and Mayan. Astronomy, years, months, and days of the week.
• Carnegie Mellon University: Social Science History Reports research findings of the organization that crosses time and location for comparisons. Includes related association links.
• Catalog The Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries
• Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries A collection of 631 detailed biographies of scientists. Part of the Galileo project, and compiled by the late Richard S. Westfall. The collection is searchable, but there does not appear to be a contents page.
• Commentary On The Effects of Electricity On Muscular Motion Facsimile of Galvani's original and an English translation.
• Darwin-L Archives on the Historical Sciences Archives of messages and supporting materials from Darwin-L, a professional discussion group on the history and theory of the historical sciences.
• Daylight Saving Time History of daylight saving time and how we use it to save energy.
• Dibner Institute for History of Science and Technology Research center at MIT, sponsors Fellows programs.
• Echo Science and Technology Virtual Center Annotated catalogue of history of science, technology, and medicine resources.
• Echo Virtual Library Database of pages about the history of science, technology, sociology, computers and medicine.
• ECHO: Exploring and Collecting History Online Dedicated to using the internet to collect and assemble (for the historical record) personal recollections of recent developments in science and technology, and to encouraging others to undertake similar projects. Includes a directory of history of science and technology websites.
• Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe Epact is an online database of medieval and Renaissance scientific instruments made before 1600 A.D.
• Eric's Treasure Trove of Scientific Biography Biography for a large number of scientists from Eric's good Treasure Trove project.
• Eric's Treasure Trove of Scientific Biography Biographies of some of the great inventors, scientists and radio pioneers.
• Faith and Reason. On the historical interactions of science and religion. (From PBS.)
• Green Lion Press An independent book publisher specializing in source materials history of mathematics and history of science. Includes list of publications available and contact information.
• Green Lion Press Independent book publisher specializing in history of mathematics and history of science. Includes information on ordering, books available, and how to contact them.
• H-Net Child History of Childhood and Youth
• History of Evolutionary Thought A timeline with information on major contributors to biology, geology, and paleontology from Aristotle up to the 20th century. From the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology.
• History of Optics Timeline of optics-related historical moments.
• History of Optics Timeline of optical discoveries and theories, from Euclid to the laser.
• History of Philosophy of Science Working Group International working group of scholars with interest in research on the history of the philosophy of science and related topics.
• History of Phrenology on the Web Phrenology, though now generally discredited, was an important historical precursor of later developments in psychology and neuroscience. Contains essays, related images, a large bibliography, and digitized books.
• History of Remote Sensing Gives some hallmarks in the history of remote sensing, which, when tied to human history, have profoundly changed the way we view and understand our world.
• History of Russian Science WWW Virtual Guide to the History of Russian and Soviet Science and Technology
• History of Salt Sodium chloride in history, with many links to further relevant material. From the Salt Institute.
• History of Science Book reviews from The Bactra Review.
• History of Science Resources page by Hugh Blackmer, Science Librarian at Washington & Lee University.
• History of Science and Ethics Internet Resources Links to museums, historical instruments galleries, electronic publications, papers, e-mail groups and books
• History of Science and Technology A timeline of the history of science that can be organized by either date, or alphabetically by scientist's name, with (very) basic data and some links. Also provides a list of popularizing books on the subject.
• History of Science in the United States Bibliographies of reference and other works, including original sources, and an indexed chronology of American science 1790-1910.
• History of the Human Sciences Quarterly interdisciplinary print journal, with information about its scope, purpose, and manuscript submission guidelines, as well as tables of contents back to 1997.
• History of the Physical Sciences in India Essay outlining developments in the study of physics and chemistry in India. Lists some of the early atomic theories, as well as insights gathered in the fields of astronomy, optics, sound, and other branches of physics.
• HOPOS Web site of The History of the Philosophy of Science Working Group.
• In Our Time: Science Archive In Our Time is a BBC Radio 4 series in which, in each program, Sir Melvyn Bragg discusses a topic in the history of ideas (in science, philosophy, culture, religion, or general history) with a trio of experts. This page indexes the discussions on science (both historical and contemporary)for online listening.
• Institute and Museum of History of Science - Florence, Italy The museum and web site are particularly rich resources for the life and work of Galileo.
• International Commission on History of Meteorology Information about the commission and about meetings discussion the history of meteorology.
• International Union of History and Philosophy of Science - Division of History of Science Information on the organization, together with a links page and listings of upcoming conferences.
• Internet for History and Philosophy of Science A free "teach yourself" tutorial on Internet information skills for historians and philosophers of science.
• Internet History of Science Sourcebook Links to documents and Web resources pertaining to the history of science including original texts from great scientific thinkers.
• Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Scientific Revolution
• Isaac Newton Links From The Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences.
• Islamic Alchemy in the Context of Islamic Science Includes a timeline of Islamic scientists from 700 to 1400 CE, and a collection of articles and book excerpts on specific scientists.
• Islamic Alchemy in the Context of Islamic Science Focus on chemistry, botany and medicine with overviews in other areas.
• Jesuits and the Sciences An exhibition of rare Jesuitic scientific objects and writings.
• Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 Exhibit of scientific works written and published by the Jesuits.
• Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 An exhibit of rare scientific works from the Cudahy Collection of Jesuitica.
• Jordanus An international catalogue of mediaeval scientific manuscripts.
• Linus Pauling and the Twentieth Century : Virtual Tour of the Pauling Exhibit Information on the life and work of one of the 20th century's most important chemists.
• Marks in the Evolution of Western Thinking About Nature A chronology from the 7th millenium BC to the present day, with brief explanations of events in the history of Western natural philosophy and science.
• Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Located in Berlin, Germany. Publications and preprints, online primary sources, information about the institute, and links.
• Mayan Math An exposition of Mayan calendar glyphs.
• Museum of Microscopy A virtual museum of microscopes, ranging from the earliest 16th century European instruments to modern microscopes from around the world.
• Museum of Microscopy - Florida State University This site contains a museum of classical microscopes, an extensive gallery of images, and a variety of interactive tutorials on microscopy and optics.
• Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford Library calalog, image library, and numerous virtual exhibits available online.
• Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford Exhibiting the history of science. Online exhibits include "The Noble Dane: Images of Tycho Brahe" and "The Geometry of War, 1500-1750".
• Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford British museum exhibiting the history of science. Online exhibits include "The Noble Dane: Images of Tycho Brahe" and "The Geometry of War, 1500-1750".
• Muslim Scientists, Mathematicians and Astronomers Before European Renaissance, 700-1500 C.E. Historical review of the Muslim contribution to humanity and Islamic Civilization. Gives biographies of scientists and describes their contributions and influence on European thought and discoveries.
• Muslims in Science Biographical sketches of many of the greatest contributors to the development of scientific thought from within the Islamic tradition.
• National Cataloguing Unit for the Archives of Contemporary Scientists Catalogue of archives of the papers of contemporary British scientists.
• Natural Magick Giambattista della (John Baptist) Porta (1537?-1615), was a Neapolitan scholar of notable ability who had devoted great attention to the study of natural and physical science. Compendeum of life's work, completed in 1584. 1658 English Translation.
• Nobel e-Museum Biographies and Nobel Lectures of the prizewinners, from the Nobel Foundation.
• Nobelprize.org Official web site of the Nobel Foundation. Offers a biography of Alfred Nobel, information about the organization, and details of individuals who have received a Nobel Prize.
• Nobelprize.org Awards the annual prestigious Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, peace, medicine, economics, and literature. Site includes history, listing of laureates, and articles by invited authors.
• People of Ideas (Philosophers, Scientists and Theologians) Brief biographies of many key figures, from ancient Greece to the late 20th century. By Presbyterian minister Miles Hodges.
• Philosophy, Science and Technology in India History of rational philosophy, scientific method, epistomology and technology in ancient India.
• Profiles in Science Biographical information and archival collections of several prominent twentieth-century American biomedical scientists.
• Ptolemy's map A small description of Ptolemy's famous map.
• Resources in the History of Science and Technology A directory of online and print resources from the University of Alberta library.
• Reviews of History of Science books Reviews, by Danny Yee, of a range of books on the history of science, mostly popular titles.
• Robert Grosseteste's Imagination Symbol. Play Grosseteste Roulette! Lots of links to pages concerned with this important mediæval scientist, although presented in a rather unorthodox manner.
• Science & Discovery Audio Tapes Sells lectures on the history of science on audiocassete.
• Science and Engineering Indicators: 2000 Report by the National Science Board and National Science Foundation on US science and technology, including education and R&D, from World War II to the end of the 20th century.
• Science and You Several articles, mostly on history and philosophy of science, aimed at a lay audience.
• Science Timeline A chronology from the 7th millenium BC to the present day, with brief explanations of events in the history of Western natural philosophy and sciences.
• Science Timeline A chronology from the 7th millenium BC to the present day, with brief explanations of events in the history of Western natural philosophy and sciences.
• Scientific Societies in the Second Golden Age of Dutch Science, 1850-1914 From the doctoral dissertation of Ilja Nieuwland.
• Selection Of Web And Other Internet Sources And Addresses Long list of internet resources in the field of the history of science.
• Sixty Centuries of Copper A history of copper mining, the development of metal-working processes and the uses of copper through the past six thousand years; originally published in 1965.
• SJSU Virtual Museum Biographies from the history of mathematics, science, and technology.
• Some Early Microscopes from the Optical Institute in Wetzlar Carl Kellner founded what was named the Optical Institute in Wetzlar Germany in 1849. By 1851 he employed twelve workmen and was producing his first microscopes.
• The Antikythera Mechanism An ancient greek geared mechanism, apparently a device for astronomical calculation.
• The Cosmic Elk, science, history and the history of science Webpages, articles, and books on science, history and the history of science, including the history of astronomy, Tudor history and the history of Siberia.
• The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Documents the historical formation and cultural foundations of the movement to conserve and protect America's natural heritage.
• The Galileo Project Hypertext resource on life and work of Galileo Galilei.
• The Galileo Project Comprehensive and detailed information on the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) from Rice University.
• The Galileo Project An extensive resource on the life, the times, and the work of Galileo Galilei.
• The History of Phrenology Consists of essays on themes in the history, as well as a collection of images, digitized books relevant not only to the history of phrenology, but also to the history of evolutionary thought.
• The History of Phrenology on the Web Although now generally considerd pseudoscience, phrenology, the popular Victorian science of the mind and brain, had an enormous historical impact on the development of psychology and neuroscience.
• The Nobel Foundation Awards the annual prestigious Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, peace, medicine, economics, and literature. Site includes history, listing of laureates, and articles by invited authors.
• The Scientific Revolution Discusses the early development of scientific thought and method from 1543 and Copernicus' heliocentric view of the solar system to Isaac Newton's acceptance of a universal gravitational force.
• The Scientific Revolution HomePage Study Guide, Timelines, Biographies, Glossaries, Diagrams, Flash Movies, Searchable Catalogue of Sci-Rev Community, Bibliographies, Links, Original Research.
• Today in Science History Memorializes births and deaths of famous and not so famous scientists of the past, and other events in science history. Searchable.
• Victorian Science Science in the 19th century. Overview plus much specific information on themes, disciplines, and individuals.
• Who invented the thermometer? Timeline showing the development of the thermometer from Galileo to Kelvin.
• Who Invented the Thermometer? Timeline showing the invention of the thermometer and the history of the different temperature scales.
• Women in Science and Medicine Some brief biographies, and interactive quizzes on female scientists.

 

 

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